First-Year Writing Competition (AY2627 Term 1)

In Canada, restaurants provided my school hot lunches, so I naturally found canteen stalls here, a culture shock. Now having studied in Singapore for a decade, I have grown fond of the canteen system. However, central kitchens have begun replacing canteens in thirteen schools for reasons such as manpower shortages (MOE, 2026b). This undermines the development of primary school children as they risk losing valuable skills like budgeting and decision-making, along with meaningful social interactions. In actuality, how many of us who grew up with canteens ever realised what they taught us?

I always loved eating Mee Soto and Nasi Lemak every recess. Scanning the menu, I would mumble “$2.60” and count my coins. With central kitchens, children simply tap their EZ-Link cards (Yap, 2025) to collect their food instead, without budgeting or much thought. Paying with cash in a canteen teaches financial literacy and managing trade-offs (Tushara, 2025). The convenience oversimplifies payment and prevents children from learning from their mistakes. Additionally, central kitchens require preordering (Ang, 2025), with their parents often choosing what their child eats. This impedes the development of agency that enables children to think and decide independently. Recess might be the only part of a child’s school day when adults do not interfere. No lesson teaches these skills, so they are often overlooked, leaving children proficient in tapping cards but not in deciding for themselves.

“Ah Boy, eat what?”

My favourite stall auntie affectionately called me “Ah Boy” and always asked about my school life. When I sulked about flunking my maths paper, she said that her son still graduated despite failing his papers, before adding an extra fishball to my Mee Soto. Central kitchens remove such face-to-face interaction when children collect their food, which deprives children of the wisdom and compassion of another generation (Yap, 2025). In schools where parents worry about examinations and teachers grade their work, children need a safe space without pressure (Haque, 2025). Without it, they may hide their concerns and lose out on diverse perspectives. Confiding never looked like a counselling session. It looked like an extra fishball, which is why we undervalue it. My friends would also share chicken wings and seaweed chicken, which sparked social interaction (Chapman et al., 2025) because we could find common ground in what we preferred. Central kitchens provide 6-14 choices (MOE, 2026a), but since the food originates from one place, it is more uniform, leaving less variety to discuss. Central kitchens thus also limit how children connect with their peers.

Some may argue that children cannot lose what they never experienced and can still benefit similarly from hawker centres. Children might not miss the canteen, but they will still grow up without its benefits. This is exactly the problem. It is us who grew up with canteens who have overlooked their value. We have become so comfortable with the small choices and recess conversations that they have become second nature to us. In hawker centres, parents usually pay, decide and order on behalf of their children, as children may find ordering in an unfamiliar environment difficult (Lim, 2026). Hence, central kitchens remove an additional opportunity for children to practise their life skills and bond across generations without pressure. Only in my canteen did I pay, decide independently and earn my own “Ah Boy”.

The value of something is only revealed when it is about to disappear. Central kitchens quietly remove lessons no classroom teaches. Having attended school in Canada without canteens, I know what that absence feels like. Those of us who grew up with canteens should realise what we are losing before it is too late. Soon, few children may be able to relate to “Ah Boy, eat what?” 
 

Reference List

Ang, H. (2025, September 30). Recess is served: Here’s what students at 5 schools will get when they switch to pre-ordered meals. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/school-canteen-food-central-kitchen-gourmetz-5374951

Chapman, L. E., Gosliner, W., Olarte, D. A., Zuercher, M. D., Ritchie, L. D., Orta-Aleman, D., Schwartz, M. B., Polacsek, M., Hecht, C. E., Hecht, K., Patel, A. I., Ohri-Vachaspati, P., Read, M., & Cohen, J. F. W., (2025, February 4). Impact of mealtime social experiences on student consumption of meals at school: A qualitative analysis of caregiver perspectives. Public health nutrition,28(1), e55. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11983997/

Haque, M. I. (2025, December). Parental pressure and examination stress: An empirical study. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, 12(7), 5571–5578. https://ijirt.org/article?manuscript=189419

Lim, J. (2026, January 24). Why I want my kids to experience ordering food in their school canteens. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/today/voices/children-bento-box-school-order-food-recess-canteen-parenting-social-skills-5875816

MOE. (2026a, April 8). Food wastage and student satisfaction rates in schools with Central Kitchen Meal Model, and monitoring of student food consumption under Healthy Meals in Schools Programme and plans to diversify menu options [Parliamentary reply]. https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/20260408-food-wastage-and-student-satisfaction-rates-in-schools-with-central-kitchen-meal-model-and-monitoring-of-student-food-consumption-under-healthy-meals-in-schools-programme-and-plans-to-diversify-menu-options

MOE. (2026b, April 29). Refining central kitchen meal model an ongoing process: MOE. Ministry of Education (MOE). https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/forum-letter-replies/20260429-refining-central-kitchen-meal-model-an-ongoing-process

Tushara, E. (2025, September 3). Parents understand need for pre-packed meals in schools, but some prefer traditional canteen food. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/parenting-education/parents-understand-need-for-pre-packed-meals-in-schools-but-some-prefer-traditional-canteen-food

Yap, L. (2025, December 2). What's recess without the school canteen vendors who raised us? RICE Media. https://www.ricemedia.co/recess-without-school-canteen-vendors/

I have won the lottery for inheriting what most would consider “crappy” genes. This is not an exaggeration, but a reflection of my experience as someone who has been living with two genetic diseases for the past twenty years. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular degenerative disease that occurs in 1 in 10,000 live births (Yu et al., 2025), and trilateral retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that occurs in around 5% of individuals with the retinoblastoma gene (American Cancer Society & American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2025). Both genetic diseases have granted me a front-row seat to witness the emotional, financial, and social toll they can have on families. If my parents had known their carrier status through preconception genetic screening, they might have made different reproductive choices, meaning I might not be here writing today.

An estimated 6% of total births worldwide annually are affected by genetic diseases (Genetic Diseases, n.d.). Most go undetected before pregnancy, resulting in untold suffering for children and their families, and straining public health systems. I strongly advocate for routine, accessible preconception genetic screening to empower couples considering parenthood with vital information to protect their reproductive autonomy (Basavaraj et al.2026).

Genetic diseases can be fatal and cause significant disabilities, which reduce the quality of life of a child and leads to great hardships for the family (Dumbuya et al., 2025; Lim et al., 2026). I know this reality intimately: navigating countless hospital visits, major scoliosis surgery, aggressive chemotherapy treatment, dependence on breathing equipment, constant watch against dislodged tracheostomy tubes, and reliance on caregivers for basic daily activities like showering and toileting. Parents suffer guilt while children are often unfairly labelled as “burdens”. Caregiver burnout, mental anguish, and strained family relationships are common. Public healthcare costs rise sharply; for instance, around US $8,500 annually per SMA patient in Singapore and up to US $97,320 in other parts of Asia (Lim et al., 2026), and inherited retinal diseases costing around SGD 48.8 million annually nationally (Chay et al., 2023).

While preconception genetic screening empowers couples to make an informed choice, it also introduces psychological burdens. Finding out one is a carrier can bring anxiety; forcing couples to make agonising and costly reproductive decisions, stressing about existing and future family dynamics, and facing intense cultural pressure and family friction for not having children. Public education programmes subtly pressure prospective parents into making “socially acceptable” reproductive decisions.

Critics argue that screening forces tough decisions, but they ignore the greater hardship of enduring lifelong physical suffering and societal stigma. A more terrifying question that haunts every disabled person as they age: when my caregivers are gone, who will care for me? Healthcare and social infrastructures are ill-equipped for this enormous responsibility of lifelong medical care.

My conviction is clear: Given the choice, I would prefer not to have been born into such suffering. This stance does not devalue human life but is an act of compassion towards protecting children and families from preventable hardship. That is why I believe preconception genetic screening is a vital tool that must be supported and made accessible through public healthcare. It should be supported by state-wide funding, public education, counselling, and funding incentives to maximise participation.

Accessible preconception genetic screening is not an imposition but a lifeline of choice. It transforms painful uncertainty into clarity, empowering families to prevent unimaginable suffering before life. Ultimately, the question is not whether we have the resources to provide this care, but whether we can afford to ignore preconception genetic screening when the human cost of inaction for future families is so high?
 

Reference List

Yu, H., Wei, C., Sun, D., Zhang, L., Xia, Y., & Zhu, W. (2025). Research trends on spinal muscular atrophy from 1995 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis. Medicine, 104(13), e41801. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000041801

American Cancer Society & American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2025, September 11). Key Statistics for Retinoblastoma. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/retinoblastoma/key-statistics.html

Genetic diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 September 2026, from https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/genetic-diseases/

Basavaraj, N., Pallathur, N., Taha, A. G. E., Sharma, R., Imam, B., Rahman, A., Muse, R., Sharma, S., Shekhawat, P., & Rai, M. (2026). Importance of Preconception Reproductive Genetic Screening in Routine Clinical Care. Curēus (Palo Alto, CA), 18(1), e100572. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.100572

Dumbuya, J. S., Zeng, C., Deng, L., Li, Y., Chen, X., Ahmad, B., & Lu, J. (2025). The impact of rare diseases on the quality of life in paediatric patients: current status. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1531583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1531583

Lim, Z. Z., Lim, Y. L., Wang, F. S., Ling, S. R., Tay, S. K. H., & Wang, Y. (2026). Economic Burden of Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Singapore: A Societal Perspective Cost-of-Illness Study. PharmacoEconomics - Open, 10(4), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00655-w

Chay, J., Tang, R. W. C., Tan, T.-E., Chan, C. M., Mathur, R., Lee, B. J. H., Chan, H. H., Sim, S. S. K. P., Farooqui, S., Teo, K. Y. C., Fenwick, E. K., Lamoureux, E. L., Cheung, C. M. G., & Fenner, B. J. (2023). The economic burden of inherited retinal disease in Singapore: a prevalence-based cost-of-illness study. Eye (London), 37(18), 3827–3833. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-023-02624-7

Kristoffersson, U., & Johansson-Soller, M. (2024). Pregnancy Planning and Genetic Testing: Exploring Advantages, and Challenges. GENES, 15(9), Article 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15091205
 

Everybody rooted for Nemo to escape his tank. Nobody’s rooting for the fish in yours.

Walk into any commercial fish store, living room, or trendy fish spa in Singapore, and you will find fish that are treated less like living creatures and more like decoration. Bought on impulse, left in whatever container is convenient and neglected when the novelty wears off, fish are viewed as “disposable” and are “simply replaced” when they are unwell instead of seeking treatment (Lambert et al., 2022, p. 9).

I experienced this firsthand when my friend bought 10 Siamese fighting fish the way you would buy a cup of Chagee. Nine died within weeks. No law was broken and nobody cared. That is exactly the issue: in Singapore, treating fish like decoration is not a problem, it’s the norm. I believe that the law must sharpen its teeth.

This issue is deeply rooted in our economy and society. In local ornamental fish farms, $2 bettas spend months being sold in barren 900ml jars (Clark-Shen et al., 2024, p. 2). The Garra Rufa, better known as the doctor fish, are reduced to living pedicure tools in local fish spas like Qian Hu and Kenko, forced to swim in overcrowded tanks and underfed to eat our dead skin (Wildgoose, 2012, pp. 8, 9). At the other end, imported Koi range from a hundred to thousands of dollars. They swim in treated water and are still treated less like animals but more like swimming Rolexes, used as a living status symbol (Tan, 2018, p. 124). Price is inconsequential; fish are decorations first and living beings second.

There is an obvious double standard in the way society treats different animals. Lock a cat or dog in an unventilated room and the public outrage would be instant. Yet, when a local condominium drained its courtyard pond without relocating the tilapias, plecos and stingrays inside, they were left to suffocate (Koh, 2025). Authorities labelled it as a mere “lapse” in operations (Lim, 2026). As fish cannot bark or cry, their slow and agonizing death was dismissed as an oversight rather than what it actually was: animal cruelty.

Fish may not bark or cry, but that does not mean they don’t suffer. Researchers have found that fish are perfectly “capable of experiencing a range of emotional states” (Lambert et al., 2022, p. 6). In a study on pain awareness, fish exposed to harmful substances displayed “anomalous behaviours” and almost doubled their “gill ventilation rate” (Sneddon, 2003, p. 2).

Critics may argue that Singapore already has laws implemented to protect fish. The Animals and Birds Act specifies a concrete standard against cruelty to fish (Animals and Birds Act 1965, 2020 Rev. Ed., s. 42). However, the condo case above clearly fits this clause (s. 42(1)(c)), highlighting that the law is all bark no bite. Currently, Singapore’s pet store licensing rules state that fish must be kept in tanks of “adequate size” (Animal & Veterinary Service [AVS], 2023) but specify no dimensions or volume. The law, therefore, must sharpen its teeth.

We need to speak for the voiceless. As long as fish are protected by ambiguous laws, thousands of fish will continue to suffer, spending most of their lives trapped in tiny cups. A living creature’s right to humane treatment should not depend on whether it has fur or fins. The Animal and Veterinary Service needs to set a clear standard to protect these fish. Why do we reserve our empathy for fiction while ignoring all the real-life Nemos around us?
 

Reference List

Animal & Veterinary Service. (2023). Pet shop licence conditions (5): Display and sale of fancy fish. National Parks Board. https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/30/3ade42cb-5932-49a7-a8a4-285989c5d7bf/5%20Fish_AVS.pdf

Animals and Birds Act 1965 (2020 Rev. Ed.) (Singapore). https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ABA1965

Clark-Shen, N., Tariel-Adam, J., Gajanur, A., & Brown, C. (2024). Life beyond a jar: Effects of tank size and furnishings on the behaviour and welfare of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Animal Welfare, 33, e62. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2024.67

Koh, X. Y. (2025, March 26). Acres alleges cruelty after fish in drained condo pond left to suffocate and die during cleaning. AsiaOne. https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/acres-alleges-cruelty-after-fish-drained-condo-pond-left-suffocate-and-die-during

Lambert, H., Cornish, A., Elwin, A., & D'Cruze, N. (2022). A kettle of fish: A review of the scientific literature for evidence of fish sentience. Animals, 12(9), 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091182

Lim, C. (2026, August 6). ‘No evidence of intentional cruelty’ in pond-cleaning incident that resulted in fish deaths: NParks. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/no-evidence-of-intentional-cruelty-in-pond-cleaning-incident-that-resulted-in-fish-deaths-nparks

Sneddon, L. U. (2003). The evidence for pain in fish: The use of morphine as an analgesic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 83(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00113-8

Tan, D. S. (2018). The history of Koi aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the present: Translating translocated scientific knowledge from Japan into biosecurity [Doctoral dissertation, Nanyang Technological University]. DR-NTU. 
https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/entities/publication/e2035a32-c90b-417b-8149-271b811db5a1

Wildgoose, W. H. (2012). A review of fish welfare and public health concerns about the use of Garra rufa in foot spas. Fish Veterinary Journal, 13, 3–16.
 

When people hear that I went from ITE to polytechnic and then to SMU, the response is usually kind. Sometimes it is “well done.” Sometimes it is, “See? It’s never too late.” 

I understand what people mean, and I take it as encouragement. 

But… late?

Late compared to whom?

I did take longer to reach university than someone who went straight from junior college. But “longer” and “late” are not quite the same thing. Longer describes how much time passed. Late suggests there was already a timeline I was expected to follow.
This feeling extends beyond my own journey. When our peers reach university or start a career before us, we may begin to question whether we are “late” too (Culatta & Clay-Warner, 2021).

Taking longer on an educational pathway is not the same as being late, and educational progress cannot be judged by a single timeline.

Calling a longer educational pathway “late” can make it seem like a sign of falling behind rather than a different form of progress. Educational success in Singapore is often understood through a standardised sequence of milestones, from JC, university, a degree, and eventually a career (Kheng, 2023). In Singapore, vocational routes such as ITE have historically carried less prestige than conventional academic pathways (Abu Bakar et al., 2020). When one pathway is seen as the standard, other routes can be judged against it (Vogt, 2018). My own experience reflects this. I remember the looks on my relatives’ faces when I told them I was in ITE. Without saying much, their reactions made me feel as though I had fallen behind compared with my peers.

Seeing a longer pathway as a setback can overlook the development that takes place along the way. This is why I feel uncomfortable when my journey is framed as a “comeback story.” Told backwards from SMU, it can seem like ITE was simply a step I had to overcome before I could “make it” to university. But that is not how I see it. I did not suddenly become capable when SMU offered me a scholarship. Throughout my years in ITE and polytechnic, I took on leadership roles and applied classroom knowledge in real work settings through internships. These experiences helped me develop independence and discipline, which shaped the way I approached learning.

This idea is reflected in Teng and Layne’s (2024) finding that ITE graduates develop their learning and identities through accumulated life experiences, rather than only through conventional academic milestones. What looks like a longer route from the outside was also where much of my learning and development took place.

I understand why the conventional route can seem like a useful benchmark. Students who went from junior college to university can reach a degree sooner than those who progress through ITE and polytechnic. This difference in timing can provide practical advantages, such as reaching career opportunities sooner and beginning their careers earlier.

However, a longer educational pathway is not simply time spent falling behind. Students in vocational and polytechnic routes may gain industry-oriented experiences through internships and industry-based projects (Lee & Chin, 2017). Such experiences support smoother transitions into employment by helping students develop workplace-relevant skills and familiarity before graduation (Oswald-Egg & Renold, 2021). 

This shows why reaching a milestone later should not automatically be seen as being late. To call someone late, we first have to decide what timeline we are measuring against. 

Perhaps the real question is not whether I reached university late.

It is why one educational route was allowed to decide what “on time” meant in the first place.
 

Reference List

Abu Bakar, M., Yong Kwok, B., & Abu Bakar, A. (2020). Enduring issues within Singapore’s TVET. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 40(4), 472–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1838885

Culatta, E., & Clay-Warner, J. (2021). Falling behind and feeling bad: Unmet expectations and mental health during the transition to adulthood. Society and Mental Health, 11(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869321991892

Kheng, C. (2023). Educational inequality and student engagement: An in-depth study of school experiences across social class and track [Master’s thesis, Nanyang Technological University]. NTU Digital Repository. https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/173843

Lee, C.-C., & Chin, S.-F. (2017). Engineering students’ perceptions of graduate attributes: Perspectives from two educational paths. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 60(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2016.2632840

Oswald-Egg, M. E., & Renold, U. (2021). No experience, no employment: The effect of vocational education and training work experience on labour market outcomes after higher education. Economics of Education Review, 80, 102065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102065

Teng, S. S., & Layne, H. (2024). Opportunities and challenges to human flourishing: biographical learning experiences of ITE graduates in Singapore. Learning (Abingdon (England)), 10(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2024.2420934

Vogt, K. C. (2018). Age norms and early school leaving. European Societies, 20(2), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2017.1358391
 

“If you can’t beat them, join them.” I have always loved this phrase - not because I have any particular interest in beating people, but because “join[ing] them” sounds pleasantly wholesome. Unity. Solidarity. Strength in numbers.

Only later did I notice the fine print. And that raised a significant thought – to what extent had I been romanticising this phrase? Within our racially diverse friend groups, racial jokes can appear similarly democratic. In an oddly literal interpretation of “regardless of race, language or religion”, everyone gets a jab, allowing us to mistake equal-opportunity mockery for equality. Then, I noticed the pattern: collective laughter kept the conversation moving while frowns threatened turning banter into an uncomfortable moment.

Yet, if apparent acceptance can conceal discomfort (Choo, 2022), does choosing to “join them” still represent inclusion, or merely conformity disguised as belonging? Casual racism persists amidst Singapore’s racial harmony because its unwritten terms are quietly enforced: bystanders stay silent to preserve the peace (Mathews & Tay, 2024), while those targeted laugh along to preserve their place (Choo, 2022).

The first clause demands silence from those watching. Conflict avoidance is deeply ingrained in Singapore (Mathews & Tay, 2024), causing seemingly minor racist behaviour to be ignored to avoid rocking the boat or appearing oversensitive. Presented as harmless fun, the offence can make the confrontation appear more disruptive than the joke itself.

Uncertainty offers a convenient reason to remain silent. A CNA-IPS survey found that fewer than half the respondents supported directly criticising racist behaviour. Among those hesitant to speak up, 67.3% were uncertain of the context while 50.9% believed the incident was “a matter between the two parties” (Goh, 2022). This resembles a peculiarly polite version of the bystander effect; everyone waits for someone braver or better informed to intervene. Usually, nobody does. The joke receives unanimous approval from an audience that never voted, leaving the teller with little reason not to indulge in similar forms of humour again.

The second clause demands laughter from those targeted. Within friendships, racial teasing is often presented as affection, making participation seem like proof of rapport. An interviewee laughed along when close friends joked about his appearance, despite feeling insecure, fearing that confrontation would sour their relationship (Choo, 2022).

That tension extends beyond Singapore. American adolescents often viewed racist jokes by friends as harmless, despite their diary entries associating such jokes with worse moods and greater stress (Benner et al., 2024). Laughter is therefore not always approval. Sometimes, it is simply the easiest way to conceal discomfort without disrupting the harmony. Consequently, when discomfort is mistaken for amusement, the joke appears harmless and the behaviour carries on (Koh, 2024).

Admittedly, perhaps this is overthinking ordinary banter. Not every race-related joke is necessarily hostile; some are exchanged affectionately between close friends who understand one another’s boundaries (Choo, 2022). Younger Singaporeans are also more willing than older generations to call out racism, suggesting that social attitudes may be improving (Goh, 2022).

Still, improvement is not disappearance. 57.4% of respondents felt that racial prejudice had remained about the same as five years earlier (Mathews et al., 2025). More importantly, as long as objection risks ridicule or exclusion, laughter cannot be treated as genuine approval. We do not need a revolutionary. Simply someone who can break the consensus with one “eh, enough”, while friends accept a boundary without putting someone’s personality on trial.

Casual racism persists not despite our pursuit of unity, but partly because we confuse unity with the absence of discomfort. When silence passes for agreement and laughter for acceptance, each unchallenged joke makes the next one easier to tell.  
 

Reference List

Benner, A. D., Alers-Rojas, F., López, B. A., & Chen, S. (2024). “Some people will tell jokes to you; some people be racist:” A mixed-method examination of racist jokes and adolescents’ well-being. Child Development, 95(5), 1572–1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14095

Choo, D. (2022, June 27). The Big Read: To stamp out everyday racism or microaggression, treat it as anything but casual. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/today/big-read/everyday-casual-racism-microaggression-ethnic-minorities-big-read-2770666

Goh, C. (2022, April 2). Youths more likely to call out racism in public, saddened by discrimination: CNA-IPS survey. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/youths-more-likely-call-out-racism-in-public-saddened-discrimination-cna-ips-survey-5619961

Koh, F. (2024, March 6). Challenges abound in tackling casual racism in Singapore society. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/challenges-abound-tackling-casual-racism-singapore-society-4174951
Mathews, M., & Tay, M. (2024, February 22). Commentary: Don’t underestimate casual racism at Singapore workplaces. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/casual-racism-workplace-spf-uvaraja-gopal-shanmugam-4136051

Mathews, M., Tay, M., & Teo, K. K. (2025). Prejudice, attitudes and critical perspectives on race in Singapore (IPS Working Papers No. 64). Institute of Policy Studies. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/ips/ips-working-papers-no-64_prejudices-attitudes-and-critical-perspectives-on-race-in-singapore.pdf